No gender differences were revealed on attitudes toward civil rights. Results showed that men were more negative on affective reactions than women were. Results revealed that attitudes toward homosexual behaviour and homosexual persons comprised one factor: affective reactions toward gay men.

In addition, this study investigated the relationship between these subcomponents and other attitudinal measures: hostile sexism, male toughness, and attitudes toward male sexuality. This study was a preliminary test of a scale that measured these subcomponents. No empirical studies, however, have investigated these findings with a scale that measures specifically these three attitudinal subcomponents. Gender differences in attitudes toward gay men's civil rights are less clear. Research has shown that heterosexual men are more negative toward gay men than women are on measures of attitudes toward homosexual behaviour and homosexual persons (Kite & Whitley, 1996).